If you’ve worked with statistical data, you’ve likely encountered z-scores. A z-score measures how far a data point is from the mean, expressed in terms of standard deviations. It helps identify outliers and compare data distributions, making it a vital tool in data science. In this guide, we’...

Greetings, humanists, social and data scientists! Have you ever tried to load a large file in Python or R? Sometimes, when we have file sizes in the order of gigabytes, you may experience problems of performance with your program taking an unusual...

AI in R and Python Greetings, humanists, social and data scientists! Welcome to this enlightening journey to extract historical data from the Web using AI! In this lesson, we delve into the innovative ways of harnessing the power of ChatGPT to ...

Introduction “Changes are shifting outside the words.” Annie Lennox In the Visualizing Text Data lesson we learned how to use term frequency to identify the most frequent words in a document. However, this method only considers the frequency o...

Introduction “Words have no power to impress the mind without the exquisite horror of their reality.” Edgar Allan Poe One common way of distinguishing between history and prehistory is by the emergence of writing. In particular, in our modern ...

Introduction ‘All that is solid melts into the air’ Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels As a historian and social scientist I often find it challenging to customize my Python plots and make them clear and compelling. What is a Python class, object ...

Introduction ‘Information is not knowledge’ Albert Einstein With so much data available nowadays, I frequently feel overwhelmed when I have to find data to study a subject. Is this dataset reliable? How was the data treated? Where can I find the...